{"id":998,"date":"2022-11-14T17:20:41","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T15:20:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/el\/?page_id=998"},"modified":"2025-03-12T16:24:38","modified_gmt":"2025-03-12T14:24:38","slug":"%cf%87%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%bf%ce%bb%cf%8c%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%bf","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/%cf%87%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%bf%ce%bb%cf%8c%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%bf\/","title":{"rendered":"Timeline"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-998","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":{"subtitle":"","timeline_item":[{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"4800-3400 BC","title":"When Piraeus was an island","content":"Due to rising sea levels, the Piraeus Peninsula was once an island. Over the next three millennia, sediment deposits from the Kifissos and Ilissos rivers gradually reconnected it with the rest of Attica. During this period, the water became progressively shallower, eventually becoming a marsh.","image":2312,"source":"View of the ports of Piraeus and surrounding landscape, 1827. Artist: Karl Krazeisen. Inv. No.: \u03a0.1325\/\u0392\/2. \u00a9 National Gallery-Alexandros Soutsos Museum, Photography Stavros Psiroukis."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"493\/2-479\/7 BC","title":"The fortification of the Piraeus peninsula","content":"Themistokles, recognizing the strategic importance of the peninsula with its three natural harbors, persuaded the Athenians to fortify it and move the city's port from Phaleron to Piraeus. The fortification work began during the first year of his term as archon (magistrate) and was completed after the end of the Persian Wars.","image":2304,"source":"The Eetioneia Gate and the harbor of Piraeus. Watercolour by Lange Ludwig (1808 - 1868). Inv. No.: \u03a0.11562. \u00a9 National Gallery-Alexandros Soutsos Museum, Photography Stavros Psiroukis."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"483\/2 BC","title":"A naval force is built","content":"On the eve of the second Persian invasion, Themistokles led the decision to build 200 triremes, which would establish Athens' future naval dominance. The fleet was kept in the shipsheds of Piraeus, situated mainly in the harbors of Zea and Mounichia, as well as in that of Kantharos.","image":2313,"source":"Bust of Themistokles. Source: Wikimedia Commons. \u00a9 Public domain."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"462\/1-443\/2 BC","title":"The city is connected to its port","content":"Under the initiative of Kimon, the construction of the Long Walls began, connecting Athens to its ports. The Long Walls linked Athens with Phaleron through the Phaleric Wall and with Piraeus through the Northern Long Wall. About 20 years later, during Perikles' leadership, the southern leg was constructed, forming a fortified corridor between the two.","image":2317,"source":"Imaginary depiction of the port at Piraeus featuring the Long Walls. Source: Mahaffy, J. P. Greek Pictures, drawn by Pen and Pencil, London, The Religious Tract Society, 1890. Collection: Benaki Museum Library, from the website www.travelogues.gr of the Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"460 BC","title":"The construction of the new city","content":"Perikles invited the Milesian urban planner Hippodamos to plan and oversee the construction of the new city of Piraeus. This transformed the rural deme, which had about 500 inhabitants during the time of Cleisthenes, into a bustling urban center.","image":2315,"source":"The Lion of Piraeus. Source: Laborde, L\u00e9on Emmanuel S.J. de, Marquis. Ath\u00e8nes aux XVe, XVIe et XVIIe si\u00e8cles, \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9, Jules Renouard, 1854. Collection: Hellenic Library - Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, from the website www.travelogues.gr of the Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"431-404 BC","title":"The Peloponnesian War","content":"In 431 BC, war broke out between the Athenian and Peloponnesian alliances, lasting 27 years with interruptions. The Athenians fortified themselves within the walls, and the city's supply was secured through the Long Walls from the port of Piraeus. A year after the near-total destruction of the Athenian fleet at the Battle of Aegospotami in the Hellespont in 405 BC, the Athenians were forced to surrender under humiliating terms, including the demolition of the Long Walls, the walls of Piraeus, and the shipsheds.","image":2299,"source":"Illustration of the Spartans demolishing the Long Walls after the end of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) to the sound of music. Source: Wikimedia Commons. \u00a9 Public domain."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"395\/4 BC","title":"The fortification walls are rebuilt","content":"Less than a decade after its destruction, the Athenians, led by Konon, started rebuilding the defenses of Piraeus and the Long Walls. The Phaleric Wall, which had fallen into disuse by then, was not included in the reconstruction.","image":2314,"source":"Plan of the course of the Long Walls (1968). Creator: J. Travlos. \u00a9 Archive of the Archaeological Society at Athens - Archive of Ioannis Travlos."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"337\/4 BC","title":"New plan for war readiness","content":"During the time of Lykurgos, the fortifications of Athens and Piraeus, as well as the Long Walls, were repaired and reinforced to withstand new weaponry and improved siege techniques. At the same time, the shipsheds and other military facilities in Piraeus, which had been destroyed after the end of the Peloponnesian War, were rebuilt.","image":2307,"source":"Remains of the shipsheds at the eastern side of Zea. The columns of the buildings of the ancient naval station were discovered in 1888 in the garden of the Tzivaniotis residence. Source: D-DAI-ATH-Piraeus-0006_8003940."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"295\/4 BC","title":"The establishment of the Macedonian garrison","content":"In 295\/4 BC, Demetrios Poliorketes constructed a fort on the Hill of the Muses to control the city. About a decade later, the Athenians expelled the Macedonian garrison and built a Compartment Wall along the ridge of the Western Hills, thereby cutting off the connection between Athens and Piraeus via the Long Walls.","image":2305,"source":"Semi-circular tower of the early 2nd century BC that reinforced the Compartment Wall on the Hill of the Pnyx. Source: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Archives, Archaeological Photographic Collection."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"86 BC","title":"The end of the walls","content":"In the early 1st century BC, the walls were still standing after having undergone two repairs - one by Lykurgos between 337-334 BC and another by Demochares between 307-304 BC. They were eventually destroyed during the conquest of Athens and Piraeus by the Roman general Sulla. Over the following centuries, as Piraeus was gradually being abandoned, the Attic Plain was primarily, if not exclusively, used for agricultural purposes.","image":2308,"source":"Remains of the Northern Long Wall along Peiraios Street, Moschato. Source: Travlos, J., Bildlexikon zur Topographie des antiken Attika, T\u00fcbingen 1988, Fig. 374."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"Roman period","title":"New use for old remains","content":"The traveler Pausanias visited Athens in the middle of the 2nd century AD, following the ancient road that leads to the city outside the Long Walls. In his time, an aqueduct had already been built on a bridge over the remains of the Northern Long Wall, supplying the city of Piraeus with water from the Ilissos River in Athens. Meanwhile, a new road had been c\u03bfnstructed over the southern section of the Long Walls.","image":2310,"source":"The Ilissos River and, in the background, the Temple of Olympian Zeus.  Source: Manolis Vlachos (ed.), Louis Dupr\u00e9, \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4a\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7, [Louis Dupr\u00e9. A Voyage from Athens to Istanbul.] Athens, Olkos, 1994. Collection: Hellenic Library - Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, from the website www.travelogues.gr of the Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"Byzantine period","title":"The \u201cvillage\u201d of Piraeus","content":"In 1182, Michael Choniates, a learned cleric from Phrygia in Asia Minor, was ordained as the Archbishop of Athens. He arrived at the \u201cvillage\u201d of Piraeus, which no longer resembled the cosmopolitan port of the past. He crossed the plain and beheld a sorrowful image of the once-glorious city he had known through ancient writings. Despite his disappointment, he was impressed by Athens' natural surroundings\u2014its olive groves, vineyards, and wheat fields.\r\n","image":2300,"source":"View of the plain of Athens from the Pnyx, with Piraeus and Salamis in the background, 1836. Source: Engravings: Piraeus & Ports of the Mediterranean Sea. The Hellenic Maritime tradition through centuries, Eurodimension, Athens 2000. Collection: Hellenic Library - Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, from the website www.travelogues.gr of the Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"17th century","title":"Travelers tell their stories","content":"The accounts of foreign travelers who arrived at Porto Leone \u2014what is now the port of Piraeus\u2014 and journeyed to Athens as envoys of the royal courts of Great Britain and France during the era of antiquarianism, vividly describe landscapes of olive groves, vineyards, grazing pastures, and cultivated fields. Amidst this bucolic landscape, which persisted until the first half of the 19th century, the ruins of the Long Walls were still visible as a romantic reminder of ancient grandeur.","image":2316,"source":"Landscape at Kifissos River, 1834 Source: Stackelberg, Otto Magnus von. La Gr\u00e8ce. Vues pittoresques et topographiques, Paris, Chez I. F. D\u2019Ostervald, 1854. Collection: The Gennadius Library - American School of Classical Studies at Athens, from the website www.travelogues.gr of the Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"1834","title":"Athens becomes the capital","content":"Athens was declared the capital of the Greek state. The architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert were assigned the urban planning. However, due to local opposition, many modifications were made to the original plan. Additionally, the historic port of Piraeus was reactivated and gradually developed into the largest commercial and industrial center in the country.","image":2311,"source":"View of Piraeus in 1860. Source: Engravings: Piraeus & Ports of the Mediterranean Sea. The Hellenic Maritime tradition through centuries, Eurodimension, Athens 2000. Collection: Hellenic Library - Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, from the website www.travelogues.gr of the Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"1834-1836","title":"The new road to Piraeus","content":"One of the first infrastructure projects in the newly established Greek state was constructing a stone-paved road connecting Athens with the port of Piraeus. This road largely followed the route of the Northern Long Wall. From the earliest topographical plan of Athens (Kleanthis-Schaubert), Peiraios Street, along with Stadiou Street, served as the main road axes of the city. The numerous mansions on either side of Peiraios Street, from its beginning to Iera Odos, were built to be close to the future royal palaces, the location of which was initially set at Omonia Square and a little later at the Kerameikos area.","image":2306,"source":"Peiraeus Street, 1900. Source: \u201c\u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u201d, Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece, Athens 2012. \u00a9 Photographic Archive HESG - National Historical Museum, Athens."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"1867-1869","title":"Thiseio - Piraeus","content":"The steam-powered, and later electric, railway of Athens connected Thiseio with the port of Piraeus, following the trace of the Southern Long Wall for most of its route. Initially, the line was single-track, had six carriages, and covered an 8.5 km distance in 19 minutes. Twenty years later, the construction of an underground tunnel from Thiseio to Omonia Square began.","image":2303,"source":"Postcard, 1906. It depicts the Thiseio Railway Station. Source: Digital Collections of the Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive (ELIA), from the website of the National Documentation Centre."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"Late 19th-Early 20th Century","title":"The creation of the industrial zone","content":"The first step in transforming Peiraios Street into an industrial zone was constructing a gasworks plant in the Kerameikos area in 1877. This was followed by the establishment of numerous factories along the entire length of the street, with the highest concentration near the port. Many low-income and socially disadvantaged migrants who had arrived in Athens from rural areas found employment in these factories.\r\n","image":2309,"source":"Neo Faliro Power Station. Unloading of machinery in the boiler room during the installation of the new Babcock & Wilcox boilers, Photo: Emile (Aimilios Serafis), 1-4-1950. \u00a9 Historical Archive of the Public Power Corporation."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"1922-1923","title":"The refugees","content":"After the collapse of the Asia Minor front and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, a massive influx of refugees came to Athens, creating an urgent need for housing and resettlement. To accommodate the refugees, numerous residential quarters were built in areas including Rentis, Tavros, Kaminia, and Neo Faliro.","image":2302,"source":"Installation of refugees from Asia Minor, 1922\/1923. An old woman and a young boy are depicted outside a shack, and an open-air makeshift kitchen can be seen. \u00a9 ERT Archive, Collection of Petros Poulidis."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"1950-1970","title":"Internal migration","content":"After World War II (1940-1944) and the Greek Civil War (1946-1949), many people moved from the badly affected rural areas to Athens. They settled mainly in the industrial zone between Athens and Piraeus, where there were many factories offering employment. As a result, the population and size of Athens expanded, and in the following years, the city was connected to Piraeus through the growing intermediate municipalities.","image":2301,"source":"View of the bay at Palaio Faliro. Source: Digital Collections of the Hellenic Literary and Historical Archive (ELIA), from the website of the National Documentation Centre."},{"acf_fc_layout":"timeline_item","date":"Late 20th\u201321st Century","title":"The dawn of a new era","content":"The deindustrialization of Peiraios Street in the 1970s and 1980s led to a need to redefine its character. Starting from the 1990s, the empty industrial buildings, significant monuments of the city's industrial and architectural history, were renovated and repurposed as cultural and recreational spaces, as well as for commercial use.","image":2298,"source":"Aerial image of Neo Faliro, 1971. Source: Liagkouras, A. G. and Papachristodoulou, I. Ch., \u201c\u03a4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c. \u03a4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd \u039d. \u03a6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u201d, AAA 5 (1972), 3, 342-346, Fig. 2. \u00a9 Hellenic Ministry of Culture - Hellenic Organization of Cultural Resources Development."}]},"featured_image_url":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/998","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=998"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/998\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2538,"href":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/998\/revisions\/2538"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/api.dipylon-walkthelongwalls.org\/json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=998"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}